Beneficial role of oleuropein in sepsis-induced myocardial injury. Possible Involvement of GSK-3ß/NF-kB pathway.

PURPOSE: The present study explored the potential therapeutic role of oleuropein in sepsis-induced heart injury along with the role of GSK-3ß/NF-kB signaling pathway. METHODS: Sepsis-induced myocardial injury was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats. The cardiac injury was assessed by measuring the levels of cTnI and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). Sepsis-induced inflammation was assessed by measuring interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10 and HMGB1 levels. The different doses of oleuropein (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) were given prior to CLP. Oleuropein (20 mg/kg) was administered after 6 hof CLP. The expressions of GSK-3ß, p-GSK-3ß (Ser9) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were measured in heart homogenates. RESULTS: Cecal ligation and puncture was associated with myocardial injury, an increase in IL-6, a decrease in IL-10 and an increase in HMGB1. Moreover, it decreased the ratio of p-GSK-3ß/GSK-3ß and increased the expression of p-NF-kB. Pretreatment with oleuropein attenuated CLP-induced myocardial injury and systemic inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of oleuropein after the onset of CLP also attenuated cardiac injury and inflammation. It also restored CLP-induced changes in the HMGB1 levels, the ratio of p-GSK-3ß/GSK-3ß and expression of p- NF-kB. CONCLUSIONS: Oleuropein attenuates sepsis-induced systemic inflammation and myocardial injury by inhibiting NF-kB and GSK-3ß signaling.

Beneficial role of oleuropein in sepsis-induced myocardial injury. Possible Involvement of GSK-3β/NF-kB pathway

ABSTRACT Purpose The present study explored the potential therapeutic role of oleuropein in sepsis-induced heart injury along with the role of GSK-3β/NF-kB signaling pathway. Methods Sepsis-induced myocardial injury was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats. The cardiac injury was assessed by measuring the levels of cTnI and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). Sepsis-induced inflammation was assessed by measuring interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10 and HMGB1 levels. The different doses of oleuropein (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) were given prior to CLP. Oleuropein (20 mg/kg) was administered after 6 hof CLP. The expressions of GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β (Ser9) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were measured in heart homogenates. Results Cecal ligation and puncture was associated with myocardial injury, an increase in IL-6, a decrease in IL-10 and an increase in HMGB1. Moreover, it decreased the ratio of p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β and increased the expression of p-NF-kB. Pretreatment with oleuropein attenuated CLP-induced myocardial injury and systemic inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of oleuropein after the onset of CLP also attenuated cardiac injury and inflammation. It also restored CLP-induced changes in the HMGB1 levels, the ratio of p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β and expression of p- NF-kB. Conclusions Oleuropein attenuates sepsis-induced systemic inflammation and myocardial injury by inhibiting NF-kB and GSK-3β signaling.

Fenofibrate Increases Heme Oxygenase 1 Expression and Astrocyte Proliferation While Limits Neuronal Injury During Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPARα) is a therapy target in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. However, anti-inflammatory effects of PPARα in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remain unknown. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of fenofibrate, a ligand of PPARα, in ICH rat model. We found that engagement of fenofibrate increased nissl body and astrocytes, and reduced the neuronal damage, which was observed in paraffin section of ICH rat brain. Fenofibrate also promoted the proliferation of astrocytes that were isolated from adult rat brain. Fenofibrate significantly upregulated heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) at protein and mRNA levels in human glioblastoma LN-18 cells and rat brain astrocytes respectively, but nuclear factor kappalight- chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) was downregulated after fenofibrate treatment. Results showed that fenofibrate-induced upregulation of HO-1 expression were inhibited after LN-18 cells were transfected with 50nM small interfering RNA (siRNAs) for 48 hours to knockdown PPARα. Further studies in rat astrocytes confirmed the rescue effects of PPARα silence against fenofibrate induced upregulation of HO-1 expression. Our data indicated that fenofibrate benefits neuronal protection through increasing HO-1 expression level and decreasing NFκB expression in PPARα-dependent manner. In conclusion, PPARα and HO-1 may function as significant targets to protect the brain during ICH.